Brown_v._Board_of_Education

 ** BA ****SIC FACTS OF THE CASES (more than one) (check video, [|Link 1], [|Link 2], [|Link 3])** **MAIN ARGUMENTS OF THE PLAINTIFF (for integration) (check [|Link 1])** **MAIN ARGUMENTS OF THE DEFENDANTS (for segregation) (check [|Link 1])** **THE CHANGE IN THE COURT (leading to a decision) (check [|Link 1])** **THE COURT DECISION (in your own words) (check [|Link 1] and Link 2)** **ENFORCING THE DECISION (discuss "with all deliberate speed) (Check [|Link 1] ****)**  **THE IMPACT and LEGACY** **(Check** [|**Link 1**]**)**
 * School segregation existed only because of local opinion, not by law
 * Only the elementary schools were segregated
 * In 1952 the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case
 * the 14th Amendment did not define if the states could establish segregated education facilities.
 * Furthermore, the 14th Amendment allowed the government to ban all discriminatory state actions based on race
 * harmful effects of segregation on the minds of African American children were shown through psychological testing.
 * The Constitution did not require white and African American children to attend the same schools.
 * Social separation of the races was a regional custom.The states should be left free to regulate their own social affairs.
 * Segregation was not harmful to black people.
 * Because black children were still living with the effects of slavery, it would take some time before they were able to compete with white children in the same classroom.
 * Differing social philosophies and temperaments divided the nine justices.
 * The justices worried that a decision to integrate schools might be unenforceable.
 * In September 1953 chief justice Vinson died, and President Dwight Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as chief justice. His leadership in producing a unanimous decision to overturn //Plessy//
 * It was unclear as to whether or not the 14th Amendment permitted segregated schools.
 * Racial segregation in any form deprived African Americans of equal protection under the law, and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
 * the Court ordered only that the states end segregation with “all deliberate speed.” This vagueness about how to enforce the ruling gave segregationists the opportunity to organize resistance
 * large number of whites considered it an assault on their way of life
 * many people were unprepared for the intensity of resistance among white southerners.
 * defenders of the “southern way of life” underestimated the determination of their black neighbors.
 * Since this event, the movement has come to include racial and ethnic minorities, women, people with disabilities, and other groups, each demanding equal opportunity.